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In real life, we have links with limited bandwidths. The wise use fo these bandwidths has been, and will be, one of the main challenges of electronic communications. However, the meaning of wise may depend on the application. Sometimes we need to combine ever, the meaning of wise may depend on the application. Sometimes we need to combine several low-bandwidth channels to kake use of one channel with a larger bandwidth. Sometimes we need to expand the bandwidth of a channel to achieve goals such as privacy and antijamming. In this chapter, we explore these two broad categories of bandwidth utilization: multiplexing and spreading. In multiplexing, pur foal is efficiency; we combine several channels into one. In spreading, our foals are privacy and antijamming; we expand th bandwidth of a channel to insert redundancy, which is necessary to achieve these goals.
Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the device, the link can be shared. Multiplexing is the set as techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. As data and telecommunications use increases, so does traffic. We can accommodated this increase by continuing to add individual links each time a new channel is needed; or we can install higher-bandwidth links and use each to carry multiple signals. As described in Chapter 7, today's technology includes high-bandwidth media such as optical fiber and terrestrial and satellite microwaves. Each has a bandwidth far in excess of that needed for the average transmission signal. It the bandwidth of a link is greater than the bandwidth needs of the devices connected to it, the bandwidth is wasted. An efficient system maximizes the utilization of all resources; bandwidth is one of the most precious resources we have in data communications.
The problem of indiscipline among students has become a common feature of our social and educational life. There are strikes and agitations all over the country. Reports of indiscipline, strikes and unhappy incidents often come from colleges and universities. IN fact, the growing problem of indiscipline is cancer in the body of education It world is a building, its foundation is discipline. Life without is like a ship without rudder.
The chief cause of indiscipline among students is our defective system of education. The students do not find suitable employments after completing their education. Thousands of graduates are coming out of colleges and universities every year. They find all the doors of employment locked. This position makes them unhappy.
Secondly our schools and colleges are overcrowded. Hence there is no personal touch between the teacher and the taught.
In society, young boys and girls see their elders behaving in an undisciplined way. They see many things in cinema and practice it in class-rooms. They see many undisciplined things going on in the society. They practice what they see around them. Thus social conditions an also responsible for this growing indiscipline among the students.
The dominant cause of students indiscipline is politics. The student leaders are attached with different political parties. The leaders of political parties exploit the students for their selfish ends.
The cinema is also one of the causes of indiscipline among the students. From cinema they learn many evils. They follow film actors and actresses in their dress, habits, romance and scuffles.
It is suggested that our colleges and universities should give proper training in discipline. Discipline is taught in schools and colleges. The system of education should be reformed. Students should remain busy every time. Parents, teachers and politicians should present good examples of discipline before the students. Moral education should be given to them. The students should be kept away from politics. Proper arrangement should be made in colleges for co-curricular activities in order to keep the students busy.