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To fully make use of nationalism, the CCP government launched a patriotic education campaign in the early 1990s. The main target of the patriotic education campaign was youth, a group most vulnerable to the influence of Western liberal ideas. As a state-led campaign, the government took full advantage of the state machine to mobilize support. In January 1993, the State Education Commission issued a document, "Program for China's Education Reform and Development," which laid out patriotism as a guiding principle for China's educational reform. In November of the same year, the CCP Central Propaganda Department, the State Education Commission, the Ministry of Broadcast, Film, and Television, and the Ministry of Culture jointly issued a "Circular on Carrying Out Education in Patriotism in Primary and Secondary Schools throughout the Country by Films and Television." In implementing the document, more than 95 percent of primary and middle school students in Beijing were urged, by May 1994, to watch patriotic films recommended by the State Education Commission.