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Philosophia means the love of wisdom
Philosophy means the academic study of anything
A moral theory is a set of claims used to determine whether an action is morally right or wrong
Moral Subjectivism is a moral theory which essentially states that morality is determined within the individual through feelings or judgements
Moral Subjectivism can be broken down into two views which are autobiographical and naive
Moral Relativism is a moral theory which states that what's right, wrong, good, or bad is "up to" one's culture
Timmons delineates Moral Relativism into two types, unrestricted and restricted
Context Sensitivity Thesis states that the rightness or wrongness of an action (performed in some particular context) partly depends upon nonmoral facts that hold in the context in question - facts concerning agents and their circumstances
Moral Diversity is a moral theory that states the moral codes of some cultures include basic moral norms that conflict with the basic moral norms that are a part of the moral codes of other cultures and such fundamental conflicts are widespread
A fundamental moral disagreement means that even if both parties agreed about all relevant nonmoral facts, they would still disagree about the morality
Divine Command Theory is a moral theory that states what's right, wrong good or bad is "up to" God
Divine Command Theory is broken up into two sections, unrestricted and restricted
Unrestricted divine command theory basically states that God ultimately determines what is right, wrong, good, or evil and it's not up to us to question, just to believe
Restricted divine command theory basically states that God would not tell us to do something that is wrong
Consequentialism example: A pregnant woman undergoes surgery to save her own life rather than losing both her life and the fetus's life. 2 deaths vs 1 death, consequentialism.
Natural Law Theory example: The baby dies as a potential side effect of surgery 1 while surgery 2's intended effect is to kill the baby to save the mother
Consequentialists maintain that the outcome or consequences of actions serve as the basis for judging what we ought to do. Another way of putting this is to say that what's right is determined by what's good - i.e. valuable states of affairs.
Utilitarianism tells us to maximize utility for all involved, whereas ethical egoism tells us to do what's in our own personal interest.
Act Utilitarianism suggests that the rightness or wrongness of actions depends entirely upon their consequences.
Rule Utilitarianism suggests that the moral status of an action depends upon the action's coherence with a rule that is utility maximizing.