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A newly emerging middle class particularly from the British Presidency
regions of Bengal and Madras moved as government employees and
professionals like doctors and lawyers moved to different parts of the country.
People were carted in ships from India to work on other colonised lands in
distant Asia, Africa and Americas. Many died on their way. Most could never
return. Today many of their descendants are known as people of Indian
origin. To facilitate the smooth functioning of its rule, colonialism introduced a
wide array of changes in every sphere, be it legal or cultural or architectural.
Colonialism was a story apart in the very scale and intensity of the changes
that it brought about. Some of these changes were deliberate while some
took place in an unintended fashion. For example, we saw how western
education was introduced to create Indians who would manage British
colonialism. Instead it led to the growth of a nationalist and anti colonial
consciousness. This magnitude and depth of the structural changes that
colonialism unleashed can be better grasped if we try and understand some
basic features of capitalism. Capitalism is an economic system in which the
means of production are privately owned and organised to accumulate
profits within a market system. We have already discussed the capitalist
market in the first book Indian Society. Capitalism in the west emerged out
of a complex process of European exploration of the rest of the world, its
plunder of wealth and resources, an unprecedented growth of science and
technology, its harnessing to industries and agriculture. Western colonialism
was inextricably connected to the growth of western capitalism. The people
of a country are its real wealth. It is they, who are the actual resources and
make use of the country's other resources and decide its policies. Ultimately
a country is known by its people. It is important to know how many women
and men a country has, how many children are born each year, how many
people die and how? The population of the world is unevenly distributed. The
remark of George B about the population of Asia that Asia has many places
where people are few and few place where people are very many is true
about the pattern of population distribution of the world also. Patterns of
population distribution and density help us to understand the demographic
characteristics of any area. The term population distribution refers to the way
people are spaced over the earth's surface