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Chad is a large landlocked country in Central Africa bordered by Libya, Sudan, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger. Its capital, N'Djamena, lies near the border with Cameroon and serves as the country's political and economic center. Northern Chad extends deep into the Sahara Desert, while central areas contain dry grasslands and the south receives enough rainfall to support more extensive agriculture. Lake Chad, once one of Africa's largest lakes, has historically supported fishing, farming, and communities across the surrounding region. The territory participated in trans Saharan trade networks and contained several powerful kingdoms before coming under French colonial rule. Chad gained independence in 1960. Its modern economy relies on oil production, livestock, agriculture, and regional trade. Political instability, conflict, and difficult environmental conditions have challenged development, but Chad remains strategically important because of its location connecting North, Central, and West Africa.