The use of natural resources has been cause of controversy since the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century. Questions about who controlled these resources, who benefitted from their exploitation, and above all, what are the environmental consequences of this exploitation have been raised repeatedly. Energy resources in general and fossil fuels in particular, have been the focus of intense and protracted controversy throughout the industrialised world. To power the industrial society, energy resources have to be converted into useful work. In fact the technical wonders of the modern world, by and large, depend on the handful of what we call the conventional energy conversion technologies, the principles of which have been known for a century or more. Most of these technologies are heat engine driven. In fact, energy technologies have been based primarily on conversion of thermal energy i.e. heat into other forms of energy. The conventional heat engines includes two particularly important varieties; the steam power plants for generating electricity and the internal combustion engine for powering transportation systems in industrial society. The conventional heat engines run through the burning fossil fuels putting two major constraints to this world i.e. resource depletion and emission from end products that causes a great threat for sustenance of the world. Thus, for sustenance of this globe efforts are on search of clean and safe sources of energy as well as hassle free conversion technologies. Technology is neither a saint nor a villain. Critical analysis in incompatible with simple technical-fix solutions because all technological solutions have social consequences. At the same time a critical approach must regard with equal scepticism a view of technology as a socially malevolent force, where technical advancement is seen as self-determining and synonymous with dehumanization. Thus, technology does, of course, have a major effect on society. People may be justifiably concerned that in the process pf technical development they may lose autonomy and freedom. This volume delves into these issues and indicates the use of technology without being used by it. This indicates how our institutions can be adapted to control technology.