In spite of the emphasis on mitigation thus far, and the many existing pressing needs faced by city managers and practitioners, there is a growing body of research and practice on adaptation in cities. Again, cities in industrialized countries are commonly cited as examples of good practice in adaptation planning, but cities in developing countries are also increasingly interested and active in this area. The full collection of symposium papers also reflected this trend of increased activity in climate adaptation among developing country cities, for example, in the papers by Carmin and others, which examined the cases of Durban and Quito, and by Dodman on community responses in the Philippines. Together, these papers show that far from being laggards, in many cases developing country cities are the ones turning out to be the first movers and innovators when it comes to preparing for, and adapting to, future climate impacts. Several key enabling factors can be identified among those cities that are already responding to the adaptation challenge. The importance of identifying these enabling factors cannot be over emphasized, because these are essential for ensuring that cities are able to adapt. Bulkeley and others argue that these factors largely fall under the area of institutions and governance, which suggests that efforts to strengthen institutional and governance capacities in general at the city level would have the co benefit of enabling better responses for adaptation. Heinrichs and others highlight several factors that also emerge across the wider collection of studies, availability of information, the need for higher levels of awareness, synergies with existing priorities and programs, the existence of strong leadership. Detoxification is even more important to longevity than good nutrition. French physiologist Alexia kept pieces of chicken heart tissue alive in a solution containing the same mineral levels found in chicken blood plasma for twenty eight years. The cells in the tissue stopped dividing and died out only when he stopped changing the solution, although he continued to place minerals in the solution in the same amount. The chicken heart cells, despite being provided with the necessary nutrients, could not carry on their metabolic activities because the fluid in which they were placed had become filled with acid wastes. The environment of the human body cannot be so easily purified as the test tube environment of Carrell's chicken heart tissue