SCADA systems monitor real-time data from PLCs using OPC UA and Modbus protocols. Ignition by Inductive Automation supports SQL databases like MySQL and MSSQL. MES tools like Apriso and SAP ME manage production workflows and OEE tracking. RTUs communicate with HMIs to display process variables such as temperature and pressure. Industrial IoT leverages MQTT for cloud connectivity in smart factories. The Historian module in Ignition stores time-series data for analytics. Ladder logic is used in PLC programming for automation control. OPC UA ensures secure data exchange between SCADA and ERP systems. Batch processing in pharma requires FDA-compliant MES solutions. Cybersecurity in SCADA involves firewalls, VPNs, and role-based access control. The PID controller adjusts setpoints via analog input signals (4-20mA or 0-10V). Modbus TCP/IP is faster than RS-485 for real-time SCADA communications. ISA-95 defines the hierarchy between ERP, MES, and shop-floor control systems. Ignition Perspective enables responsive web-based dashboards for operators. Cybersecurity standards like IEC 62443 protect critical OT infrastructure.