Presenting Problem: This refers to the client's main concerns, symptoms, and complaints. It's a description of what brings the individual to seek help. Predisposing Factors: These are the vulnerabilities or risk factors that make an individual more susceptible to developing the presenting problem. These can be biological, psychological, social, or cultural. Precipitating Factors: These are the events or situations that triggered the onset of the presenting problem. They are the immediate causes or catalysts for the difficulties the client is experiencing. Perpetuating Factors: These are the factors that maintain or worsen the presenting problem over time. They can be internal (e.g., negative thoughts, unhelpful coping strategies) or external (e.g., social environment, lack of support). Protective Factors: These are the strengths, resources, and support systems that help the individual cope with difficulties and maintain well-being. They can be internal (e.g., resilience, positive self-esteem) or external (e.g., social support, healthy relationships).